What makes the Platinum English FAL course unique? Strong support for reading and writing skills, featuring annotations and models of all writing texts; integrated and explicit grammar teaching; predictable, consistent structure; high quality, relevant artwork; strong teacher support through explicit methods and assessment. Platinum - simply superior: Superior CAPS coverage and written by expert authors; superior illustrations and activities to improve results and motivate learners; superior teacher support to save time and make teaching easy, including photocopiable worksheets; superior quality = exam success!

What makes the Platinum English FAL course unique? Strong support for reading and writing skills, featuring annotations and models of all writing texts; integrated and explicit grammar teaching; predictable, consistent structure; high quality, relevant artwork; strong teacher support through explicit methods and assessment. Platinum - simply superior: Superior CAPS coverage and written by expert authors; superior illustrations and activities to improve results and motivate learners; superior teacher support to save time and make teaching easy, including photocopiable worksheets; superior quality = exam success!

This Modern Guide presents a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary thought on the informal economy, which, far from being a peripheral feature of the global economy, the author demonstrates, is a system in which the majority of the global workforce are employed and which has pervasive detrimental effects; formalising it is therefore a priority for most governments. Employing theoretical and empirical methodologies, Colin C. Williams explores the latest research on methods of understanding and measuring the informal economy in its various forms, and discusses the rationale behind its participants. Its rigorous discussion of the need to shift away from solely using tools that punish the practice and towards aligning social norms with the regulations of formal institutions is complemented by a rich analysis of how jobs and enterprises across the world can be encouraged to make the transition towards formalism. Incentives, education and reform are among the strategies advocated in this Modern Guide's compelling and lucid roadmap for the transition to formality. An invaluable resource for policymakers involved in tax, social security and labour policies, belonging to both governments and supra-national institutions, the book will also be valuable for academics and researchers in sociology, economics and business studies, especially those with an interest in taxation, industrial relations, entrepreneurship and labour economics.

This book brings together two leading researchers in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of the shadow economy from a global perspective. Reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of measuring the informal sector, the authors evaluate its size and key determinants across the world. Williams and Schneider clearly establish the persistence and prevalence of the shadow economy, analysing the narrowness of existing policy approaches and explaining how these fail to address the key factors for its existence and may even exacerbate the problem. Proposing an alternative way forward, the authors argue that little headway will ever be made in reducing the shadow economy until there are changes not only to the character of formal institutions but also informal institutions (the values, beliefs and norms of citizens) through the introduction of macro-level structural changes. This timely, cutting-edge review of the global shadow economy and how it can be measured and tackled is an invaluable resource for postgraduate students, researchers and policy-makers, particularly those with a interest in tax evasion and informal labour.

The shadow economy has become the focus of policy makers around the world. This timely book explores the relationship between entrepreneurship and the shadow economy, by reviewing how to measure, explain and tackle this hidden enterprise culture. The editors bring together leading authorities in the field to examine existing methods to measure shadow economy, explore entrepreneurship and shadow economy practices in various contexts, and provide policy suggestions for decreasing the shadow economy. It concludes by encouraging further research in this ever-growing field. Students and scholars in the field of entrepreneurship and the shadow economy will find this book to be of use to their work. It will also be of use to those in disciplines, such as sociology, economics and global studies, as well as practitioners in the field of public policy. Contributors: Y. Abdih, J.E. Amoros, A. Chepurenko, J.P. Couyoumdjian, O. Cristi, E. Denisova-Schmidt, I.A Horodnic, L. Medina, M. Minniti, Y. Prytula, T.J. Putnins, A. Sauka, F. Schneider, M. Virtanen, C.C. Williams, J. Windebank

Portraying how entrepreneurs often start out conducting some or all of their trade on an 'off-the-books' basis and how many continue to do so once they become established, this book provides the first detailed account of the vast and ubiquitous hidden enterprise culture existing in the interstices of western economies. Until now, the role of the underground economy in enterprise creation, entrepreneurship and small business development has been largely ignored despite its widespread prevalence and importance. In contrast to much of the previous literature that views the underground economy as low-paid, exploitative sweatshop work that should be deterred, this book takes a fresh, more positive perspective that considers the underground economy as a hidden enterprise culture. Colin C. Williams prescribes the means by which western governments can best harness this hidden culture of enterprise. He outlines detailed policy initiatives that seek to assist business ventures in setting up on a formal footing, and aim to encourage underground enterprises and entrepreneurs to make the transition into the realm of legitimacy. This book provides a lucid guide as to how the hidden culture of enterprise can be brought into the open. As such, it will prove invaluable to a wide-ranging audience including scholars and students of business studies, entrepreneurship, management, economics and regional science.

This is a very stimulating book which should be read by everyone who wants to gain an understanding of the latest developments in the shadow economy.' - Friedrich Schneider, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria'Professor Williams is to be congratulated for this timely contribution - a fresh addition to the literature. As he explains, the recognition that the shadow economy is diverse and extensive has led to a rethinking of how to tackle it. In a reader-friendly fashion, the author explains the variable magnitude of and variable character of the shadow economy; he then discusses policy approaches, deterrence measures and incentives. The result is of interest to the policy-maker as well as to academics.' - Leo-Paul DANA, Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier Business School, France This authoritative monograph explores the effectiveness and transferability of the rapidly expanding range of policy approaches and measures available as weaponry in the fight against the shadow economy. Beginning with a review of the extent of undeclared work, the author discusses the discrepancies between regions and the potential impacts of the economic crisis, comparing the nature of the potential solutions available with those actually adopted. The way forward, the book concludes, is to move away from increasing the costs of engaging in hidden work using repressive measures, and concentrate more on developing initiatives that enhance the benefits of engaging in declared work and increase the likelihood of compliance by engendering a commitment to tax morality. This insightful and unique exposition will have considerable appeal to academics, practitioners and policy-makers across the globe involved in the fight against undeclared work. Contents: 1. Introduction Part I Extent and Nature of the Shadow Economy 2. The Variable Magnitude of the Shadow Economy 3. The Variable Character of the Shadow Economy Part II Policy Approaches 4. Evaluating the Policy Options 5. A Typology of Policy Measures Part III Direct Controls 6. Deterrence Measures 7. Supply-Side Incentives for Businesses 8. Supply-Side Incentives for Individuals 9. Demand-Side Incentives Part IV Indirect Controls 10. Commitment Measures 11. Broader Economic and Social Policies 12. Conclusions References Index

This is a book for the Single Market Economy (SEM) and for the real estate professionals operating within it. With the rapidly increasing harmonization within Europe there is a need for the development of expertise in the handling of different national systems and the non-tariff barriers they present. This guide is designed to help professionals to develop this expertise. It offers more than a dictionary of specialist and technical terminology; there is a supplementary section giving longer translations of particularly tricky terms where more detailed information is needed. There are also sections on the real estate and planning systems in the different European countries, government and planning hierarchies and real estate associations throughout Europe. None of these are intended to be definitive guides, but simply highlight the key questions the real estate professional needs to be aware of and goes on to provide sources for further reading.

A cutting-edge, relentless, objective approach to inclusion. Companies spend billions of dollars annually on diversity efforts with remarkably few results. Too often diversity efforts rest on the assumption that all that's needed is an earnest conversation about "privilege." That's not enough. To truly make progress we need to stop celebrating the problem and instead take effective steps to solve it. In Bias Interrupted, Joan C. Williams shows how it's done, and, reassuringly, how easy it is to get started. One of today's preeminent voices on inclusive workplaces, Williams explains how leaders can use standard business tools&#8212data, metrics, and persistence&#8212to interrupt the bias that is continually transmitted through formal systems like performance appraisals, as well as the informal systems that control access to career-enhancing opportunities. The book presents fresh evidence, based on Williams's exhaustive research and work with companies, that interrupting bias helps every group&#8212including white men. Comprehensive, though compact and straightforward, Bias Interrupted delivers real, practical value in an efficient and accessible manner to an audience that has never needed it more. It's possible to interrupt bias. Here's where you start.

The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development is a comprehensive guide to the theory and practice of transdermal and topical formulation development, covering preclinical studies, evaluation, and regulatory approval. It enables the reader to understand the opportunities and challenges in developing products and how risks can be mitigated. Over the last 25 years, expertise in this area has declined whilst drug delivery systems for other administration routes have developed significantly. The advantages offered by transdermal and topical drug delivery remain compelling for sectors including the pharmaceutical industry, personal care, and cosmetics. This text addresses the dearth of expertise and discusses how skin can be a route of delivery and the processes in formulation development, but how such an application is very different to that used for oral, IV, and other administration routes. Key Features: Presents a practical guide for both industry and academia Focuses on and draws together the fundamental principles behind transdermal and topical drug delivery Illustrates the practicalities of formulation design using key case studies Gives an understanding of the skin as a route of delivery and how formulation development for such application differs from that for other administration routes

The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development is a comprehensive guide to the theory and practice of transdermal and topical formulation development, covering preclinical studies, evaluation, and regulatory approval. It enables the reader to understand the opportunities and challenges in developing products and how risks can be mitigated. Over the last 25 years, expertise in this area has declined whilst drug delivery systems for other administration routes have developed significantly. The advantages offered by transdermal and topical drug delivery remain compelling for sectors including the pharmaceutical industry, personal care, and cosmetics. This text addresses the dearth of expertise and discusses how skin can be a route of delivery and the processes in formulation development, but how such an application is very different to that used for oral, IV, and other administration routes. Key Features: Presents a practical guide for both industry and academia Focuses on and draws together the fundamental principles behind transdermal and topical drug delivery Illustrates the practicalities of formulation design using key case studies Gives an understanding of the skin as a route of delivery and how formulation development for such application differs from that for other administration routes

Dependent self-employment is widely perceived as a rapidly growing form of precarious work conducted by marginalised lower-skilled workers subcontracted by large corporations. Unpacking a comprehensive survey of 35 European countries, Colin C. Williams and Ioana Alexandra Horodnic map the lived realities of the distribution and characteristics of dependent self-employment to challenge this broad and erroneous perception. Featuring rigorous empirical research, Dependent Self-Employment moves beyond the reliance on anecdotal evidence to fill in gaping lacunae in our understanding of employment. Reporting on the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015, this impressive book provides a crucial contribution to our understanding of dependent self-employment in the 21st century, challenging not only academic perceptions, but also depictions of work in the media and political discourse. The authors expertly navigate the 'grey zone' of defining dependent self-employment, embracing the spectrum of employment relationships and outlining the limits to the rights and authority of the dependently self-employed. Bold and comprehensive, this timely book offers critical insight for researchers at all levels exploring the nature and distribution of employment in Europe. Given the current public debates on the platform economy, this book will also prove useful for practitioners and policy-makers in labour inspectorates, tax administrations and social security institutions worldwide.

This text takes issue with arguments that security studies is a discipline of limited use in making sense of the post-Cold War world. It argues that many of the most interesting theoretical issues in international relations can most usefully be studied through a prism labelled "security studies". The book combines chapters which provide a variety of critical perspectives on the discipline and address a diverse range of theoretical concerns, with chapters that examine such substantive issues as weapons proliferation and the changing meaning of "security" for actors in the erstwhile conflict between East and West.

What is poverty and how can it be tackled? Taking the Third Way out of its narrow party political context, this book argues that it is necessary to harness work beyond employment in order to pave a Third Way beyond capitalism and socialism. The outcome is a thought-provoking new approach towards combating poverty. Poverty and the Third Way uncovers how New Labour's employment-focussed approach causes, rather than resolves, poverty. Searching for another approach, the authors find the seeds of an alternative 'Third Way' in radical European social democratic and ecological thought which seeks to transcend capitalism and socialism by developing work beyond employment. Exploring the reasons why such an approach is needed and how it can be implemented, the authors transcend the 'there is no alternative' to capitalism school of thought dominant in many advanced economies by providing a clearly marked route map of the way towards a post-capitalist economy.

Based on extensive ethnographic and quantitative research, conducted in Ukraine and Russia between 2004 and 2012, this book's central argument is that for many people the informal economy, such as cash in hand work, subsistence production and the use of social networks, is of great importance to everyday life. Formal work is both a facilitator of such processes and is often supported by them, as people can only afford to undertake low paid formal work as a result of their informal incomes. By looking at the informal nature of formal work and practices, informal practices, gift giving, volunteer work and the economies of the household the book is one of the first to give an overview of the nature of the informal economy in all spheres of everyday practice.

The Routledge Handbook of Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies is a landmark volume that offers a uniquely comprehensive overview of entrepreneurship in developing countries. Addressing the multi-faceted nature of entrepreneurship, chapters explore a vast range of subject areas including education, economic policy, gender and the prevalence and nature of informal sector entrepreneurship. In order to understand the process of new venture creation in developing economies, what it means to be engaged in entrepreneurship in a developing world context must be addressed. This handbook does so by exploring the difficulties, risks and rewards associated with being an entrepreneur, and evaluates the impacts of the environment, relationships, performance and policy dynamics on small and entrepreneurial firms in developing economies. The handbook brings together a unique collection of over forty international researchers who are all actively engaged in studying entrepreneurship in a developing world context. The chapters offer concise but detailed perspectives and explanations on key aspects of the subject across a diverse array of developing economies, spanning Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe. In doing so, the chapters highlight the heterogeneity of entrepreneurship in developed economies, and contribute to the on-going policy discourses for managing and promoting entrepreneurial growth in the developing world. The book will be of great interest to scholars, students and policymakers in the areas of development economics, business and management, public policy and development studies.

Based on extensive ethnographic and quantitative research, conducted in Ukraine and Russia between 2004 and 2012, this book's central argument is that for many people the informal economy, such as cash in hand work, subsistence production and the use of social networks, is of great importance to everyday life. Formal work is both a facilitator of such processes and is often supported by them, as people can only afford to undertake low paid formal work as a result of their informal incomes. By looking at the informal nature of formal work and practices, informal practices, gift giving, volunteer work and the economies of the household the book is one of the first to give an overview of the nature of the informal economy in all spheres of everyday practice.

Almost everyone residing in a developed nation knows someone who has engaged in paid work that is licit but not reported to the government (e.g., babysitting, gardening, construction, financial consulting). But while most acknowledge that such work is helpful to the individuals involved, and that informal work may enhance a sense of community, most scholars view it as a pre-modern form of exchange and something that disappears as capitalist markets expand globally. Both mainstream and heterodox economics typically assume that there is an inevitable shift towards the formalization of goods and services provisioning as societies become more "advanced" or "developed" (the "formalization thesis"). In these views, the existence of informal activities is a manifestation of backwardness and it is assumed that they will disappear as an economy becomes more "modern."

This book challenges these conventional theses about the linear trajectory of informal work and economic development by arguing that informal work is not trivial for understanding modern capitalist economies, and that both mainstream and heterodox theories about the economy must be altered to address the role of informal work in relatively developed economies.

This edited collection focuses on informal work in various developed nations, including Canada, the United States, and several in Europe. It will therefore be of interest to policymakers, as well as students and researchers in development studies, social policy, sociology, anthropology, public health, geography, economics and planning.

Enrico Marcelli is Assistant Professor of Sociology at San Diego State University, USA. Colin C. Williams is Professor of Public Policy at the University of Sheffield, UK. Pascale Joassart is Assistant Professor of Geography at San Diego State University, USA.

Living things are constantly engaged in a struggle for existence, and ingenious devices for the purpose of self-preservation can be seen in all types of animal and plant life. However, nature also displays phenomena that are not related to survival or that seem clearly to violate the principle of self-preservation--particularly when organisms interact with one another. Darwin investigated these apparent contradictions and proposed that both mechanisms of self preservation and those of reproduction are explained by a more basic principle of "natural selection"--the reproductive survival of the fittest. George C. Williams in "Group Selection" challenges the adequacy of this process of selection at the individual level.

Williams has here collected the work of the chief partisans with opposed viewpoints on the theory of selection at the group level to state their arguments and rebuttals. A minority of modern biologists offer evidence to show that groups of living things are organized to assure their collective survival; they are not merely collections of individuals designed for their own survival and reproduction. In opposition, defenders of the traditional point of view charge that mechanisms of group survival are based on illusion and misinterpretation.

Because of the wide range of opinion expressed in "Group Selection," the reader is exposed to all sides of the dispute and encouraged to form his or her own views. In addition, as a source book on current evolutionary issues or for research or reference material, "Group Selection" remains a valuable addition to every personal and institutional library in the biological sciences.

"George C. Williams" is professor emeritus of biological sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He is the author of "Adaptation and Natural Selection" and has contributed numerous articles to scholarly publications on the behavior and ecology of fish and has published several technical articles on evolutionary mechanisms, especially in relation to social behavior, strategies of reproduction, and adaptive features of life cycles. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was awarded its Elliot Medal.

In this book an international group of sports scientists examine the major sports and the physiological demands of each.

What is poverty and how can it be tackled? Taking the Third Way out of its narrow party political context, this book argues that it is necessary to harness work beyond employment in order to pave a Third Way beyond capitalism and socialism. The outcome is a thought-provoking new approach towards combating poverty.
Poverty and the Third Way uncovers how New Labour's employment-focussed approach causes, rather than resolves, poverty. Searching for another approach, the authors find the seeds of an alternative 'Third Way' in radical European social democratic and ecological thought which seeks to transcend capitalism and socialism by developing work beyond employment. Exploring the reasons why such an approach is needed and how it can be implemented, the authors transcend the 'there is no alternative' to capitalism school of thought dominant in many advanced economies by providing a clearly marked route map of the way towards a post-capitalist economy.


eBook available with sample pages: 0203167465

Informal employment, whether the result of tax evasion or working whilst claiming benefit, is an issue rapidly rising to the top of government policy agendas. This book challenges many of the popular myths surrounding informal economic activities, offering a radical reconceptualization of their extent, growth, location and nature as well as evaluating the contrasting policy options open to governments. First, it tackles the popular belief that informal employment is growing throughout the advanced economies. Second it challenges the myth that this work is undertaken mostly by marginalized groups such as the unemployed, poor, ethnic minorities and immigrants and in deprived neighbourhoods. Third, it evaluates the dominant view that we should replace informal with formal employment through enforcement of stringent laws and regulations concerning tax evasion, benefit fraud and the contravention of labour laws.

Informal employment, whether the result of tax evasion or working whilst claiming benefit, is an issue rapidly rising to the top of government policy agendas. This book challenges many of the popular myths surrounding informal economic activities, offering a radical reconceptualization of their extent, growth, location and nature as well as evaluating the contrasting policy options open to governments. First, it tackles the popular belief that informal employment is growing throughout the advanced economies. Second it challenges the myth that this work is undertaken mostly by marginalized groups such as the unemployed, poor, ethnic minorities and immigrants and in deprived neighbourhoods. Third, it evaluates the dominant view that we should replace informal with formal employment through enforcement of stringent laws and regulations concerning tax evasion, benefit fraud and the contravention of labour laws.

Consumer Services have been viewed as parasitic activities, dependent on other sectors of the economy for their viability and vitality. Yet local economic policy is now looking towards consumer services to solve severe economic problems. The rapid expansion of the service sector is now a principal feature of contemporary global economic restructuring. Consumer Services and Economic Development evaluates the contributions that consumer services can make to local economic development and revitalisation. A broad range of consumer service industries are examined in turn: tourism, sports, universities, retailing and cultural industries. Detailed local case studies illustrate the role, impact and effectiveness of consumer services in economic regeneration in a number of different contexts: the global city, contrsting urban areas and rural localities. With many localities in the advanced economies suffering from severe deindustrialisation and weak producer service growth, this book highlights the need for a fundamental rethink of both the function of services and of economic development theory and practice in general.

Governments in Western Europe and North America have placed job creation initiatives at the heart of their policy for revitalizing deprived neighbourhoods. However, relying on this alone is problematic and these governments are becoming increasingly interested in finding ways of enabling communities to help themselves. Drawing upon original, in-depth studies of self-help activities in both deprived and affluent neighbourhoods in UK cities, this book examines why the populations of deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to be excluded not only from the labour market but also from adopting self-help practices in response to their situation. It also identifies the barriers which discourage participation in self-help projects. A combination of policies are advocated, bringing together innovative bottom-up initiatives such as LETS, time currencies and Employee Mutuals, with top-down policies such as Active Citizens' Credits. This book instead suggests a fresh and positive approach towards revitalizing deprived neighbourhoods based on seeking the full-engagement, rather than merely the full-employment, of deprived populations.